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UBPARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


WON  CIRCULATING 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 

Agricultural  Experiment  Station 


BULLETIN  No.  170 


COEFFICIENTS    OF  DIGESTIBILITY  OF  SOME 
COMMON  RATIONS  FOR  SWINE 


BY  WIIyLJAM  DIETRICH  AND  H.  S.  GRINDIyEY 


URBANA,  ILLINOIS,  MAY,  1914 


CONTENTS  or  BULLETIN  No.  170 

PAGE 

1.  EXPERIMENT  1 

(a)  Object  and  plan 165 

(b)  Composition  of  feeds    and  feces;    weights  of  pigs,  feeds,  and 
feces;    and  nutrients  consumed  per  day  per  100  pounds  live  weight...   166 

(c)  Coefficients  of  digestibility  of  rations  of  ground  corn,  ground 
corn  and  middlings,  and  ground  corn  and  tankage  determined  directly. .   167 

(d)  Coefficients   of  digestibility  of  middlings  and  tankage  deter- 
mined indirectly   167 

2.  EXPERIMENT  2 

(a)  Object  and  plan 170 

(b)  Periods  1  to  6. — Full  feed  for  both  pigs 170 

(1)  Composition  of  feeds  and   feces;     weights  of  pigs, 
feeds,  and  feces;     and  nutrients  consumed  per   day  per   100 
pounds  live  weight 17J 

(2)  Coefficients  of  digestibility  of  rations  of  ground  corn, 
ground  corn  and  red  dog  flour,  ground  corn,  red  dog  flour,  and 
pork  cracklings,   ground   corn  and  tankage,  and   ground  corn, 
tankage,  and  pork  cracklings  determined  directly 173 

(3)  Coefficients  of  digestibility  of  red  dog  flour,  pork 
cracklings,  and  tankage  determined  indirectly 175 

(c)  Periods  7  to  10. — Transition  from  full  feed  to  maintenance  for 
both  pigs,  and  two  periods  of  maintenance  feeding  for  pig  A 177 

(1)  Composition  of  feeds  and  feces;    weights  of  pigs, 
feeds,   and  feces;     and  nutrients  consumed  per  day  per   100 
pounds  live  weight 178 

(2)  Coefficients   of  digestibility  of  a   ration  of  ground 
corn,  red  dog  flour,  tankage,  and  pork  cracklings    determined 
directly 179 

(d)  Periods  11  to  15. — Maintenance  feeding  for  both  pigs,  before 
and  after  a  period  of  fasting 181 

(1)  Composition  of  feeds  and  feces;    weights  of  pigs, 
feeds,  and   feces;     and  nutrients  consumed  per  day  per   100 
pounds  live  weight 181 

(2)  Coefficients  of   digestibility  of  a  ration  of   ground 
corn,  red  dog  flour,  tankage,  and  pork  cracklings,  determined 
directly 183 

(e)  Periods  16  to  23.— Full  feed  for  pig  A,  and  two-thirds  cf  full 
feed  for  pig  B 184 

(1)  Composition   of  feeds  and  feces;    weights  of  pigs, 
feeds,  and  feces;     and  nutrients  consumed  per   day  per   100 
pounds  live  weight 184 

(2)  Coefficients   of   digestibility   of   a   ration   of   ground 
corn  and  pork  cracklings  determined  directly 187,  189 

(3)  Coefficients  of  digestibility  of  pork  cracklings  deter- 
mined indirectly   188 

3.  SUMMARY  OP  DATA  OF  BOTH  EXPERIMENTS 19.0 

4.  CONCLUSIONS   193 

5.  APPENDIX .   196 


COEFFICIENTS  OF  DIGESTIBILITY  OF  SOME 
COMMON  RATIONS  FOR  SWINE1 

BY  WILLIAM  DIETEICH,  ASSISTANT  CHIEF  IN  SWINE  HUSBANDRY,   AND 
H.  S.  GRINDLEY",  CHIEF  IN  ANIMAL  NUTRITION 

EXPERIMENT  1 
OBJECT  AND  PLAN 

The  object  of  the  first  experiment  reported  in  this  bulletin  was  to 
determine  the  coefficients  of  digestibility  for  ground  corn  alone; 
ground  corn  and  middlings;  and  ground  corn  and  tankage,  when 
given  to  pigs  as  full-fed  rations. 

Two  barrows  a  little  over  a  year  old,  one  a  Berkshire  and  the 
other  a  Large  Yorkshire,  were  selected  for  this  work  and  put  into  di- 
gestion crates.  The  crates  were  of  sufficient  size  for  the  pigs  to  stand 
up  and  lie  down  in  them  comfortably,  and  were  provided  with  troughs 
in  the  front  for  the  feed,  and  pans  in  the  back  to  catch  the  feces.  The 
feeding  troughs  were  in  such  a  position  that  the  animals  could  eat 
from  them  conveniently,  and  were  so  arranged  that  they  could  be 
easily  removed.  The  pans  for  collecting  the  feces  were  of  galvanized 
iron,  and  from  them  the  floors  of  the  crates  were  sloped  toward  the 
front  to  prevent  the  urine  voided  from  coming  into  contact  with  the 
feces.  The  pigs  were  taken  out  of  the  crates  twice  daily  for  exercise. 

The  different  rations  were  given  in  amounts  that  the  pigs  would 
eat  readily.  These  were  determined  during  a  preliminary  period  im- 
mediately preceding  the  experimental  period.  The  preliminary  feed- 
ing periods  before  the  second  and  third  experimental  periods  were 
of  only  a  few  days'  duration,  but  that  preceding  the  first  experi- 
mental period  was  continued  for  several  weeks  in  order  that  the  pigs 
might  have  sufficient  time  to  become  accustomed  to  their  crates  before 
any  experimental  data  were  recorded. 

The  first  ration  for  which  the  coefficients  of  digestibility  were  de- 
termined consisted  of  7  pounds  of  ground  corn  per  day;  the  second, 
of  3.5  pounds  of  ground  corn  and  3.5  pounds  of  middlings  per  day; 
and  the  third,  of  5  pounds  of  ground  corn  and  1  pound  of  tankage  per 
day  for  the  Berkshire  pig,  and  4  pounds  of  ground  corn  and  1  pound 
of  tankage  per  day  for  the  Yorkshire  pig.  Each  of  these  rations  was 
fed  for  an  experimental  period  of  7  days,  during  which  time  samples 
of  the  feed  and  feces  Avere  taken  for  chemical  analysis. 

1  The  coefficients  given  thruout  this  bulletin  represent  merely  the  apparent 
coefficients  of  digestibility,  as  none  of  the  metabolic  products  were  determined  in 
the  feces. 

165 


166 


BULLETIN  No.  170 
EXPERIMENTAL  DATA 


[May, 


Table  1  gives  the  percentage  composition  of  the  feeds.  In  Table 
2  will  be  found  the  weights  of  the  pigs,  the  feeds,  and  the  feces  in  each 
experimental  period.  Table  3  gives  the  percentage  composition  of 
the  fresh  feces,  and  Table  4,  the  total  nutrients  consumed  per  day  per 
100  pounds  live  weight. 

TABLE  1. — PERCENTAGE  COMPOSITION  OF  FEEDS 
(H.  S.  Grindley  and  L.  F.  Shackell,  Analysts) 


Feed 

Dry 

sub- 
stance 

Crude 
protein 
(Nx6.25) 

Nitrogen- 
free 
extract 

Crude 
fiber 

Total 
carbohy- 
drates 

Crude 
fat 

Ash 

Ground  corn. 
Middlings  .  .  . 
Tankage.  .  .  . 

86.38 
87.52 
94.56 

9.80 
18.04 
60.91 

70.03 
54.40 
4.30 

1.91 
5.52 
3.95 

71.94 
59.92 

8.25 

3.47 
5.12 
13.69 

1.17 
4.44 
11.71 

TABLE  2. — WEIGHTS  OF  PIGS,  FEEDS,  AND  FECES 
(Results  expressed  in  pounds) 


Date 
1906-1907 

Period 

Days 

Pig 

Live 
weight 

Feeds  eaten 

Feces 

Ground 
corn 

Mid- 
dlings 

Tank- 
age 

Dec.  24-30  

1 
» 

2 

)> 

3 

it 

7 
» 

7 
» 

7 
}> 

Berkshire 
Yorkshire 

Berkshire 
Yorkshire 

Berkshire 
Yorkshire 

370 
325 
390 

333 

410 
330 

49.0 
49.0 

24.5 
24.5 

35.0 
28.0 

24.5 
24.5 

7.0 
7.0 

12.6 
10.2 

16.0 
15.5 

14.6 
10.3 

» 

Jan.    4-10  

» 

Jan.  20-26  

» 

TABLE  3. — PERCENTAGE  COMPOSITION  OF  FRESH  FECES 
(H.  S.  Grindley  and  L.  F.  Shackell,  Analysts) 


Period 

Pig 

Dry 
sub- 
stance 

Crude 
protein 
(Nx6.25) 

Nitrogen- 
free 
extract 

Crude 
fiber 

Total 
carbohy- 
drates 

Crude 
fat 

Ash 

1 

Berkshire 

36.48 

6.83 

16.72 

4.93 

21.65 

4.65 

3.35 

» 

Yorkshire 

49.02 

9.97 

22.07 

6.42 

28.49 

5.50 

5.06 

2 

Berkshire 

32.28 

5.26 

14.70 

5.49 

20.19 

2.54 

4.29 

» 

Yorkshire 

29.71 

5.57 

12.93 

4.91 

17.84 

2.15 

4.15 

3 

Berkshire 

39.35 

14.03 

12.57 

6.24 

18.81 

1.77 

4.74 

M 

Yorkshire 

42.22 

14.63 

14.91 

5.17 

20.08 

1.77 

5.74 

From  the  data  given  in  Table  4,  it  will  be  noted  that  the  amounts 
of  dry  substance,  nitrogen-free  extract,  and  carbohydrates  consumed 
during  the  various  periods  decreased  continuously  from  the  begin- 
ning to  the  close  of  the  experiment,  and  the  amount  of  crude  protein 
increased. 


1914] 


DIGESTIBILITY  OF  SOME  COMMON  RATIONS  FOR  SWINE 


167 


The  quantities  of  the  other  three  feed  constituents  consumed,  i.  e., 
the  crude  fiber,  crude  fat,  and  ash  increased  from  the  first  ration  to 
the  second,  and  decreased  from  the  second  ration  to  the  third. 

TABLE  4. — TOTAL  NUTRIENTS  CONSUMED  PER  DAY  PER  100  POUNDS  LIVE  WEIGHT 
(Ecsults  expressed  in  pounds) 


Period 

Pig 

Dry  sub- 
stance 

Crude 
protein 

(Nx6.25) 

Nitrogen- 
free 
extract 

Crude 
fiber 

Total 
carbohy- 
drates 

Crude 
fat 

Ash 

1 

Berkshire  .  .  .  . 

1.634 

0.185 

1.330 

0.036 

1.361 

0.066 

0.022 

Yorkshire  .   .  . 

1.860 

0.211 

1.508 

0.041 

1.549 

0.075 

0.025 

Average  .  .  . 

1.747 

0.198 

1.419 

0.039 

1.455 

0.071 

0.024 

2 

Berkshire  .  .  .  . 

1.556 

0.250 

1.117 

0.067 

1.183 

0.077 

0.050 

Yorkshire  .   .  . 

1.828 

0.293 

1.308 

0.078 

1.386 

0.090 

0.059 

Average  .  .  . 

1.692 

0.272 

1.212 

0.073 

1.284 

0.084 

0.055 

3 

Berkshire  .  .  .  . 

1.284 

0.268 

0.864 

0.033 

0.897 

0.076 

0.043 

Yorkshire  .  .  . 

1.334 

0.303 

0.862 

0.035 

0.897 

0.050 

0.084 

Average  .  .  . 

1.309 

0.286 

0.863 

0.034 

0.897 

0.080 

0.047 

Table  5  gives  the  coefficients  of  digestibility  as  determined  di- 
rectly for  the  ground  corn  alone,  the  corn  and  middlings  combined, 
and  the  corn  and  tankage  combined.  In  Table  6  will  be  found  the  co- 
efficients of  digestibility  of  the  middlings  and  the  tankage  as  deter- 
mined indirectly. 

Ground  Corn. — It  is  apparent  from  the  data  given  in  Table 
6  that  the  coefficients  of  digestibility  of  the  dry  substance,  nitrogen- 
free  extract,  total  carbohydrates,  and  crude  fat  of  the  ground  corn 
for  the  two  animals  agreed  closely,  but  that  those  for  the  crude  pro- 
tein and  the  crude  fiber  showed  variations  of  3.3  and  3.6  percent, 
respectively. 

Ground  Corn  and  Middlings. — For  the  ration  consisting  of  equal 
parts  of  ground  corn  and  middlings,  the  coefficients  of  digestibility 
of  the  dry  substance,  the  crude  protein,  the  nitrogen-free  extract,  and 
the  total  carbohydrates  for  the  two  animals  did  not  vary  significantly, 
but  the  results  for  the  crude  fiber  and  the  crude  fat  showed  varia- 
tions of  6.5  and  3.5  percent,  respectively. 

On  comparing  the  average  coefficients  of  the  ration  of  ground 
corn  and  middlings  combined,  with  the  corresponding  averages  for 
the  ration  of  ground  corn  alone,  it  will  be  noted  that  the  dry  sub< 
stance,  nitrogen-free  extract,  and  the  carbohydrates  of  the  ground 
corn  and  middlings  combined  were  digested  to  practically  the  same 
extent  as  those  of  the  ground  corn  alone,  while  the  crude  protein,  crude 
fiber,  and  crude  fat  of  the  ground  corn  and  middlings  were  digested 
much  more  thoroly  than  those  of  the  ground  corn  alone. 


168 


BULLETIN  No.  170 


[.May, 


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1914]  DIGESTIBILITY  OF  SOME  COMMON  EATIONS  FOR  SWINE  169 

Ground  Corn  and  Tankage. — A  study  of  the  data  given  in  Table 
5  shows  that  the  dry  substance  and  the  crude  protein  of  the  ground 
corn  and  tankage  combined  were  somewhat  less  digestible  than  the 
dry  substance  and  crude  protein  of  the  ground  corn  alone  and  ground 
corn  and  middlings  combined.  The  values  for  the  nitrogen-free  ex- 
tract of  the  ground  corn  and  tankage,  on  the  other  hand,  were  prac- 
tically the  same  as  those  of  both  of  the  preceding  rations,  and  the 
values  for  the  crude  fat  of  ground  corn  and  tankage  were  consid- 
erably higher  than  those  for  the  ground  corn  and  middlings  combined, 
and  a  great  deal  higher  than  those  for  the  ground  corn  alone.  The 
two  results  obtained  for  the  digestibility  of  the  crude  fiber  for  the 
ground  corn  and  tankage  varied  so  markedly  from  each  other  that 
comparisons  with  the  corresponding  results  for  the  other  rations  are 
not  worth  while. 

Middlings. — The  coefficients  of  digestibility  for  middlings  alone 
given  in  Table  6  were  determined  indirectly  by  deducting  the  weights 
of  the  digestible  nutrients  of  corn  alone  from  the  corresponding  values 
for  corn  and  middlings  combined,  and  dividing  the  values  so  obtained 
by  the  weights  of  the  nutrients  in  the  middlings. 

On  comparing  these  calculated  values  for  middlings  with  the  cor- 
responding coefficients  for  ground  corn  alone  and  ground  corn  and 
middlings  combined,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  calculated  coefficients  of 
digestibility  of  the  dry  substance,  the  nitrogen-free  extract,  and  the 
total  carbohydrates  of  the  middlings  were  about  the  same  as  the  cor- 
responding values  for  the  corn  alone  and  for  the  corn  and  middlings 
combined.  On  the  other  hand,  the  protein,  crude  fiber,  and  crude  fat 
of  the  middlings  were  apparently  much  more  digestible  than  those  of 
the  corn  alone,  and  considerably  more  digestible  than  those  of  the  corn 
and  middlings  combined. 

Tankage. — The  coefficients  of  digestibility  of  tankage  alone  were 
determined  indirectly  by  subtracting  the  weights  of  the  digestible 
nutrients  of  corn  alone  from  the  corresponding  values  for  corn  and 
tankage  combined,  and  dividing  the  values  so  obtained  by  the  weights 
of  the  nutrients  in  the  tankage.  The  irregularity  of  the  results  so 
obtained  makes  useless  any  comparisons  with  the  corresponding  results 
for  the  other  rations. 

Tho  the  indirect  method  of  determining  the  coefficients  of  digesti- 
bility of  middlings  alone  and  tankage  alone  is  the  method  in  general 
use  for  calculating  the  values  for  a  feed  that  has  not  been  actually 
fed  alone,  it  is  open  to  criticism.  By  this  calculation  all  of  the  dif- 
ference between  the  values  for  the  single  feed  and  the  corresponding 
values  for  the  combined  feeds  is  credited  to  the  single  feed,  whereas 
it  is  probable  that  in  the  combined  feeds  each  feed  exerts  an  influence 
upon  the  digestibility  of  the  other. 


170  BULLETIN  No.  170  [May, 

EXPERIMENT  2 
OBJECT  AND  PLAN 

The  object  of  Experiment  2  was  to  supplement  and  extend  the 
data  obtained  in  Experiment  1.  The  determinations  made  were  for 
the  coefficients  of  digestibility  for  swine  (1)  of  ground  corn  fed  alone; 
ground  corn  and  red  dog  flour ;  ground  corn,  red  dog  flour,  and  pork 
cracklings ;  ground  corn  and  tankage ;  ground  corn,  tankage,  and  pork 
cracklings;  and  ground  corn  and  pork  cracklings,  given  as  full-feed 
rations;  (2)  of  ground  corn,  red  dog  flour,  tankage,  and  pork  crack- 
lings given  as  a  maintenance  ration;  and  (3)  of  ground  corn  and  pork 
cracklings  given  in  amounts  equal  to  two-thirds  of  a  full-feed  ration. 

The  pigs  used  in  this  experiment  were  two  Berkshire  barrows  far- 
rowed in  September,  1906.  During  the  summer  of  1907  they  had  been 
allowed  to  run  on  pasture,  and  had  been  given  light  rations  of  grain. 
On  November  12,  1907,  they  were  put  into  digestion  crates  for  prelim- 
inary feeding. 

Like  Experiment  1,  this  experiment  was  begun  with  a  preliminary 
feeding  period,  during  which  time  the  pigs  were  given  ground  corn 
alone,  the  feed  to  be  used  in  the  first  experimental  period,  in  amounts 
that  they  would  clean  up  readily.  The  experiment  proper  was  begun 
December  9,  after  the  pigs  had  been  kept  in  the  crates  for  nearly  a 
month.  During  the  experiment  the  pigs  were  taken  out  of  the  crates 
twice  daily  for  exercise. 

All  water  received  by  the  animals  was  given  them  in  their  slop. 
The  amounts  were  weighed  and  were  more  or  less  constant.  On  several 
occasions  the  pigs  were  offered  water  to  drink,  but  they  refused  to 
take  it. 

PERIODS  1  TO  6. — FULL  FEED  FOR  BOTH  PIGS 

The  first  six  periods  of  the  experiment  were  from  6  to  8  days  in 
length,  and  the  determinations  made  for  both  pigs  were  for  the  full- 
feed  ration.  In  Period  1  the  ration  consisted  of  ground  corn  alone ; 
in  Period  2,  of  ground  corn  and  red  dog  flour ;  in  Period  3,  of  ground 
corn,  red  dog  flour,  and  pork  cracklings ;  in  Period  4,  of  ground  corn 
and  tankage ;  in  Period  5,  of  ground  corn  and  tankage ;  and  in  Period 
6,  of  ground  corn,  tankage,  and  pork  cracklings. 

The  pigs  were  always  fed  each  ration  for  some  time  before  sam- 
ples of  the  feces  were  taken  for  analysis,  in  order  that  the  feces  col- 
lected should  represent,  as  nearly  as  possible,  the  weight  and  the  com- 
position of  the  feces  resulting  from  the  rations  fed  during  the  test 
period.  The  ration  of  Period  1  was  fed  first  in  the  month  prelimin- 
ary to  the  experiment,  and  those  of  Periods  2  to  6,  in  preliminary 
periods  of  from  5  to  7  days,  one  of  which  immediately  preceded  each 
test  period. 


1914} 


DIGESTIBILITY  OF  SOME  COMMON  EATIONS  FOR  SWINE 


171 


The  percentage  composition  of  the  feeds  for  Periods  1  to  6  is 
given  in  Table  7.  Table  8  gives  the  weights  of  the  pigs,  feeds,  and 
feces,  and  Table  9,  the  percentage  composition  of  the  fresh  feces,  for 
Periods  1  to  6.  In  Table  10  will  be  found  the  weights  of  the  total 
nutrients  consumed  per  day  per  100  pounds  live  weight.  The  coeffi- 
cients of  digestibility  of  the  nutrients  of  the  various  rations  deter- 
mined directly  are  given  in  Table  11,  and  those  of  the  single  feeds,  de- 
termined indirectly,  in  Table  12. 


TABLE  7. — PERCENTAGE  COMPOSITION  OF  FEEDS 
(A.  D.  Emmett  and  H.  S.  Grindley,  Analysts) 


Feed 

Dry  sub- 
stance 

Crude 
protein 

(Nx6.25) 

Total 
carbohy- 
drates 

Crude 
fat 

Ash 

Nitrogen 

Phos- 
phorus 

Ground  corn 
Red  dog  flour.  ..  . 
Tankage  

86.56 

88.77 
93.25 

8.69 
17.98 
59.12 

73.75 
65.67 
10.17 

2.76 
1.56 
14.29 

1.36 
3.56 
9.67 

1.390 

2.877 
9.459 

0.264 
0.808 
1.277 

Pork  cracklings.  . 

94.68 

53.94 

36.76 

2.00 

8.630 

0.265 

TABLE  8. — WEIGHTS  OF  PIGS,  FEEDS,  AND  FECES 
(Results  expressed  in  pounds) 


Date 
1907-1908 

Period 

Days 

Pig 

Live 
weight 

Feeds  eaten 

Feces 

Ground 
corn 

Red 
dog 
flour 

Tank- 
age 

Pork 
crack- 
lings 

Water 

Dec.  9-15  .  .  . 

1 

7 

A 

316 

35.0 

•   •  .  • 

.... 

63 

12.10 

»     » 

» 

>  > 

B 

237 

28.0 

.... 



.... 

56 

8.88 

Dec.  23-30   . 

2 

8 

A 

338 

32.0 

16.0 

.... 

88 

18.35 

"     25-30   . 

2 

6 

B 

256 

19.2 

9.6 

.... 

54 

9.78 

Jan.  5-12  .  .  . 

3 

8 

A 

357 

32.0 

16.0 

.... 

1.6 

88 

16.60 

»      » 

j  i 

>  > 

B 

277 

25.6 

12.8 

.... 

1.6 

72 

10.94 

Jan.  20-26  .  . 

4 

7 

A 

379 

38.5 

6.3 

.... 

70 

22.13 

"     19-25  .. 

>  t 

j  > 

B 

292 

30.1 

.... 

4.9 

63 

14.25 

Feb.  2-8  .  .  .  . 

5 

7 

A 

388 

33.6 

8.4 

.... 

70 

23.01 

"    2-7  .... 

)  > 

6 

B 

301 

21.6 

.... 

5.4 



54 

15.50 

Feb.  14-21  .  . 

6 

8 

A 

412 

38.4 

9.6 

3.2 

82 

22.82 

»       » 

6 

)  > 

B 

314 

28.8 

7.2 

3.2 

75 

17.74 

172 


BULLETIN  No.  170 


[May, 


TABLE  9. — PERCENTAGE  COMPOSITION  OF  FRESH  FECES 
(A.  D.  Emmett  and  H.  S.  Grindley,  Analysts) 


Period 

Pig 

Dry  sub- 
stance 

Crude 
protein 

(Nx6.25) 

Total 
carbohy- 
drates 

Crude 
fat 

Ash 

Nitrogen 

Phos- 
phorus 

1 

A 

32.39 

4.90 

21.68 

1.76 

4.05 

0.783 

0.61 

a 

B 

36.75 

6.60 

23.67 

2.19 

4.29 

1.056 

0.65 

2 

A 

29.11 

4.79 

17.73 

2.77 

3.82 

0.766 

0.67 

t  > 

B 

33.91 

5.97 

20.82 

3.13 

3.99 

0.956 

0.66 

3 

A 

29.51 

5.79 

15.70 

3.60 

4.44 

0.926 

0.64 

» 

B 

34.11 

6.93 

18.48 

3.75 

4.95 

1.109 

0.73 

4 

A 

30.27 

10.85 

12.16 

2.78 

4.48 

1.735 

0.23 

» 

B 

34.66 

13.08 

13.42 

3.02 

5.13 

2.093 

0.33 

5 

A 

28.73 

10.86 

11.81 

2.74 

3.32 

1.738 

0.29 

>  > 

B 

30.18 

13.23 

10.77 

2.76 

3.42 

2.116 

0.39 

6 

A 

30.23 

11.95 

12.11 

2.33 

3.84 

1.913 

0.38 

>  ? 

B 

34.86 

13.90 

14.40 

2.48 

4.08 

2.224 

0.45 

TABLE  10. — TOTAL  NUTRIENTS  CONSUMED  PER  DAY  PER  100  POUNDS  LIVE  WEIGHT 
(Results  expressed  in  pounds) 


Period 

Pig 

Dry  sub- 
stance 

Crude 
protein 

(Nx6.25) 

Total 
carbohy- 
drates 

Crude 
fat 

Ash 

Phos- 
phorus 

1 

>  > 

A 
B 

1.370 
1.461 

0.137 
0.147 

1.167 
1.245 

0.044 
0.047 

0.021 
0.023 

0.0042 
0.0045 

Average 

1.415 

0.142 

1.206 

0.045 

0.022 

0.0043 

t  > 

A 
B 

1.550 
1.637 

0.209 
0.221 

1.261           0.042 
1.332           0.044 

0.037 
0.039 

0.0079 
0.0084 

Average 

1.593 

0.215 

1.296           0.043 

0.038 

0.0081 

3 

» 

A 
B 

1.520 
1.581 

0.228 
0.243 

1.195 
1.233 

0.060 
0.067 

0.036 
0.038 

0.0076 
0.0079 

Average 

1.550 

0.235 

1.214 

0.063 

0.037 

0.0077 

4 

t> 

A 
B 

1.477 
1.498 

0.267 
0.270 

1.094 
1.110 

0.074 
0.075 

0.043 
0.043 

0.0069 
0.0070 

Average 

.     1.487 

.0.268 

1.102 

0.074 

0.043 

0.0069 

5 
>  > 

A 
B 

1.359 
1.314 

0.290 
0.281 

0.944 
0.912 

0.078 
0.076 

0.047 
0.045 

0.0072 
0.0070 

Average 

1.336 

0.285 

0.928 

0.077 

0.046 

0.0071 

6 

>  > 

A 
B 

1.372 
1.380 

0.326 
0.338 

0.891 
0.877 

0.109 
0.119 

0.046 
0.046 

0.0071 
0.0070 

Average 

1.376 

0.332 

0.884 

0.114 

0.046 

0.0070 

DIGESTIBILITY  OF  SOME  COMMON  RATIONS  FOR  SWINE 


173 


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174  BULLETIN  No.  170  [May, 

Ground  Corn. — From  the  data  given  in  Table  11,  it  is  apparent 
that  the  coefficients  of  digestibility  of  the  dry  substance  and  the  total 
carbohydrates  of  the  ground  corn  for  the  two  animals  agreed  closely, 
but  that  between  the  coefficients  of  the  crude  protein  and  the  crude 
fat  there  was  considerable  difference. 

On  comparing  the  coefficients  of  digestibility  of  the  nutrients  of 
the  ground  corn  obtained  in  this  second  experiment  with  those  ob- 
tained with  the  same  ration  in  Experiment  1  (See  Tables  11  and  5), 
it  will  be  noted  that  the  dry  substance,  carbohydrates,  and  crude  pro- 
tein were  somewhat  less  digestible  in  the  second  experiment  than  in 
the  first,  and  the  fat  much  more  digestible. 

Ground  Corn  and  Red  Dog  Flour. — On  comparing  the  average 
coefficients  of  digestibility  for  the  ration  of  ground  corn  and  red  dog 
flour  combined  with  the  corresponding  averages  for  the  ration  of 
ground  corn  alone,  it  will  be  noted  that  the  dry  substance  and  the 
carbohydrates  were  digested  to  the  same  extent  in  both  rations;  that 
the  crude  protein  of  the  ground  corn  and  red  dog  flour  combined  was 
digested  somewhat  more  thoroly  than  that  of  the  ground  corn  alone ; 
and  that  the  crude  fat  of  the  ground  corn  and  red  dog  flour  was  di- 
gested very  much  less  thoroly  than  that  of  the  ground  corn  alone. 

On  comparing  the  average  coefficients  of  digestibility  for  the  ra- 
tion of  ground  corn  and  red  dog  flour  combined  with  the  correspond- 
ing averages  for  the  ration  of  ground  corn  and  middlings  (see  Tables 
11  and  5),  it  will  be  noted  that  the  dry  substance  and  the  carbohy- 
drates were  digested  to  practically  the  same  extent  in  both  rations; 
that  the  crude  protein  of  the  ground  corn  and  middlings  was  di- 
gested somewhat  more  thoroly  than  that  of  the  ground  corn  and  red 
dog  flour;  and  that  the  crude  fat  of  the  ground  corn  and  middlings 
was  digested  very  much  more  thoroly  than  that  of  the  ground  corn 
and  red  dog  flour. 

Ground  Corn,  Red  Dog  Flour,  and  Pork  Cracklings. — It  is  ap- 
parent that  the  dry  substance  and  the  total  carbohydrates  of  the 
ground  corn,  red  dog  flour,  and  pork  cracklings  combined  were  very 
slightly  more  digestible  than  those  of  the  ground  corn  alone,  while  the 
crude  protein  of  the  mixed  ration  was  somewhat  more  digestible,  and 
the  crude  fat  somewhat  less  digestible,  than  that  of  the  ground  corn 
alone. 

The  addition  of  one  part  of  pork  cracklings  to  a  ration  consist- 
ing of  twenty  parts  of  ground  corn  and  ten  parts  of  red  dog  flour 
increased  the  digestibility  of  the  dry  substance,  the  crude  protein, 
and  the  total  carbohydrates  slightly,  and  increased  the  digestibility 
of  the  crude  fat  decidedly. 

Ground  Corn  and  Tankage. — On  comparing  the  average  coef- 
ficients for  the  two  rations  of  ground  corn  and  tankage  combined  with 
the  corresponding  averages  for  the  rations  of  ground  corn  alone, 
ground  corn  and  red  dog  flour  combined,  and  ground  corn,  red  dog 


1914}  DIGESTIBILITY  OF  SOME  COMMON  BATIONS  FOR  SWINE  175 

flour,  and  pork  cracklings  combined,  it  is  apparent  that  the  crude 
protein  of  the  ration  of  ground  corn  and  tankage  was  digested  very 
much  less  thoroly  than  that  of  any  of  the  other  rations,  and  that  the 
dry  substance  of  the  corn  and  tankage  combined  was  digested  much 
less  thoroly  than  that  of  any  of  the  other  rations.  The  crude  fat  of 
the  rations  of  ground  corn  and  tankage  combined  was  somewhat  less 
digestible  than  that  of  the  ground  corn  alone,  but  considerably  more 
digestible  than  that  of  the  ground  corn  and  red  dog  flour  combined. 

The  average  coefficients  of  the  nutrients  of  a  ration  of  ground 
corn  and  tankage  obtained  in  the  four  trials  of  this  second  experiment 
were  as  follows :  dry  substance,  82.3 ;  crude  protein,  65.0 ;  total  car- 
bohydrates, 90.4;  and  crude  fat,  69.9.  The  corresponding  data  ob- 
tained in  the  two  trials  of  the  first  experiment  were  as  follows :  dry 
substance,  85.1 ;  crude  protein,  75.9 ;  total  carbohydrates,  89.6 ;  and 
crude  fat,  89.3. 

Ground  Corn,  Tankage,  and  Pork  Cracklings. — The  dry  sub- 
stance and  the  crude  protein  of  the  rations  consisting  of  ground  corn, 
tankage,  and  pork  cracklings  combined  were  somewhat  less  digestible 
than  those  of  the  ground  corn  alone,  while  the  crude  fat  of  the  mixed 
ration  was  decidedly  more  digestible  than  that  of  the  ground  corn 
alone. 

It  seems  evident  from  the  results  obtained  that  the  addition  of 
one  part  of  pork  cracklings  to  rations  consisting  respectively  of  twelve 
parts  of  ground  corn  and  three  parts  of  tankage,  and  nine  parts  of 
ground  corn  and  two  and  one-fourth  parts  of  tankage  increased  the 
digestibility  of  the  crude  protein  and  the  crude  fat  decidedly,  but 
affected  the  digestibility  of  the  dry  substance  and  the  total  carbohy- 
drates only  slightly. 

Red  Dog  Flour. — In  Table  12  are  given  the  coefficients  of  diges- 
tibility of  the  nutrients  of  red  dog  flour  as  calculated  indirectly  from 
the  results  of  the  first  two  periods  of  this  experiment.  The  negative 
value  for  the  crude  fat  was  due  to  the  fact  that  the  digestibility  of 
the  crude  fat  of  ground  corn  and  red  dog  flour  together  was  much 
lower  than  that  of  the  corn  fed  alone.  The  method  of  calculation  nec- 
essarily credited  all  of  this  difference  to  the  red  dog  flour,  altho  possi- 
bly part  of  it  should  have  been  credited  to  the  corn. 

On  comparing  the  average  coefficients  of  digestibility  of  red  dog 
flour  with  the  corresponding  averages  for  middlings  (See  Tables  12 
and  6),  it  will  be  noted  that  the  dry  substance  was  digested  to  the 
same  extent  in  both  rations;  that  the  crude  protein  of  the  middlings 
was  digested  somewhat  more  thoroly  than  that  of  the  red  dog  flour: 
and  that  the  total  carbohydrates  of  the  middlings  was  digested  some- 
what less  thoroly  than  that  of  the  red  dog  flour.  On  account  of  the 
irregularity  of  the  results  obtained  for  the  red  dog  flour  it  is  useless 
to  compare  the  coefficients  of  digestibility  of  the  fat  of  the  two  feeds. 


176 


BULLETIN  tfo.  170 


[May, 


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1914]  DIGESTIBILITY  OF  SOME  COMMON  RATIONS  FOR  SWINE  177 

Pork  Cracklings. — The  unreliability  of  the  coefficients  obtained 
for  a  single  feed  by  calculation  from  the  data  obtained  from  a  combi- 
nation of  feeds  is  clearly  shown  from  the  results  obtained  for  pork 
cracklings.  When  pork  cracklings  were  fed  with  ground  corn  and  red 
dog  flour,  the  average  coefficients  of  digestibility  of  their  nutrients,  as 
calculated  from  the  results  of  Periods  2  and  3  of  this  experiment, 
were  as  follows :  dry  substance,  138.2 ;  crude  protein,  96.3 ;  and  crude 
fat,  92.2.  On  the  other  hand,  when  they  were  fed  with  ground  corn 
and  tankage,  the  average  coefficients  of  their  nutrients,  as  calculated 
indirectly  from  the  results  of  Periods  5  and  6  of  this  experiment, 
were :  dry  substance,  111.2  ;  crude  protein,  111.4 ;  and  crude  fat,  113.5. 

Tankage. — The  coefficients  of  digestibility  of  tankage  alone,  as 
calculated  from  the  data  obtained  from  the  ration  of  corn  and  tank- 
age in  this  second  experiment  are  decidedly  different  from  the  co- 
efficients of  the  same  feed  obtained  in  a  similar  manner  in  the  first  ex- 
periment. Thus,  the  average  coefficients  of  the  nutrients  of  tankage 
alone  obtained  in  the  four  trials  of  this  second  experiment  were  as 
follows :  dry  substance,  62.2 ;  crude  protein,  55.3 ;  total  carbohydrates, 
H8.0;  and  crude  fat,  63.7,  while  the  corresponding  data  obtained  in 
the  two  trials  of  the  first  experiment  were :  dry  substance,  70.1;  crude 
protein,  72.3 ;  total  carbohydrates,  -5.9 ;  and  crude  fat,  115.6. 


PERIODS  7  TO  10. — TRANSITION  FROM  FULL'  FEED  TO  MAINTENANCE  FOR 
BOTH  PIGS,  AND  Two  PERIODS  OF  MAINTENANCE  FEEDING  FOR  PIG  A 

The  six  seven-day  periods  of  full  feeding  were  followed  by  four 
periods  of  three  days  each,  during  which  a  full-feed  ration  consisting 
of  ground  corn,  red  dog  flour,  tankage,  and  pork  cracklings  was  grad- 
ually reduced  to  the  maintenance  ration  determined  for  pigs  by  Diet- 
rich1 in  a  previous  experiment.  This  reduction  was  effected  for  Pig 
A  during  Periods  7  and  8,  and  for  Pig  B,  during  Periods  7,  8,  9  and 
10.  During  Periods  9  and  10,  Pig  A  was  kept  on  the  maintenance 
ration. 

In  Table  13  will  be  found  the  percentage  composition  of  the 
feeds  for  these  periods.  The  weights  of  the  pigs,  the  feeds,  and  the 
feces  for  Periods  7  to  10  are  given  in  Table  14.  Table  15  gives  the 
percentage  composition  of  the  fresh  feces  for  the  same  periods,  and 
Table  16,  the  weights  of  the  total  nutrients  consumed  per  day  per 
100  pounds  live  weight. 


'111.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.,  Bui.  163. 


178 


BULLETIN  No.  170 


[May, 


TABLE  13. — PERCENTAGE  COMPOSITION  OF  THE  FEEDS 
(A.   D.   Emmett   and   H.   S.   Grindley,   Analysts) 


Feed 

Dry  sub- 
stance 

Crude 
protein 

(  NX  6.25) 

Total 
carbohy- 
drates 

Crude 
fat 

Ash 

Nitrogen 

Phos- 
phorus 

Ground   corn.  .  . 
Bed  dog  flour.  . 
Tankage  

86.61 
88.26 
93.35 

8.69 
17.87 
59.19 

73.80 
65.30 
10.18 

2.76 
1.55 
14.30 

1.36 
3.54 
9.68 

1.391 
2.863 
9.366 

0.260 
0.803 
1.279 

Pork  cracklings 

95.25 

54.26 

36.98 

2.01 

8.684 

0.267 

TABLE  14. — WEIGHTS  OF  PIGS,  FEEDS,  AND  FECES 
(Results  expressed  in  pounds) 


Feeds  eaten 

Date 
1908 

Period 

Days 

Pig 

Live 
weight 

Ground 

f*ATTI 

Red 
dog 

Tank- 

'  t  o  i  » 

Pork 
crack- 

Water 

Fcces 

CU  '  11 

flour 

<*6° 

lings 

Feb.  26-28.. 

7 

3 

A 

426 

9.0 

2.4 

2.3 

0.9 

30 

8.13 

T>             )  } 

>  j 

j  y 

B 

328 

7.3 

1.8 

2.1 

1.2 

27 

6.80 

Mar.  4-6  

8 

3 

A 

430 

5.4 

2.4 

1.1 

0.6 

30 

4.01 

}  >             T> 

>  > 

» 

B 

333 

6.2 

1.8 

1.7 

0.9 

27 

3.59 

Mar.   11-13.. 

9 

3 

A 

430 

4.8 

2.4 

0.9 

0.6 

30 

3.90 

»        j  . 

)  > 

)  ) 

B 

335 

5.2 

1.8 

1.2 

0.8 

27 

3.27 

Mar.    18-20.. 

10 

3 

A 

431 

4.8 

2.4 

0.6 

0.6 

30 

3.06 

t  >        11 

>  > 

j  i 

B 

336 

3.8 

1.8 

0.6 

0.6 

27 

2.51 

TABLE   15. — PERCENTAGE  COMPOSITION  OF  FRESH  FECES 
(A.  D.  Emmett  and  H.  S.  Grindley,  Analysts) 


Period 

Pig 

Dry  sub- 
stance 

Crude 
protein 

(Nx6.25) 

Total 
carbohy- 
drates 

Crude 
fat 

Ash 

Nitrogen 

Phos- 
phorus 

7 

A 

29.48 

10.59 

13.80 

1.31 

3.78 

1.694 

0.52 

f  i 

B 

34.22 

13.00 

15.06 

1.76 

4.40 

2.080 

0.61 

8 

A 

31.95 

11.06 

14.10 

1.65 

5.14 

1.771 

0.79 

7  > 

B 

37.49 

13.91 

16.46 

1.70 

5.42 

2.225 

0.79 

9 

A 

34.70 

11.06 

16.55 

1.73 

5.36 

1.769 

0.86 

>  > 

B 

38.01 

13.62 

16.64 

2.40 

5.35 

1.180 

0.80 

10 

A 

33.88 

9.70 

17.27 

1.81 

5.10 

1.552 

0.84 

>  > 

B 

37.52 

11.78 

18.28 

2.31 

5.15 

1.885 

0.74 

DIGESTIBILITY  OF  SOME  COMMON  RATIONS  FOR  SWINE 


179 


TABLE  16. — TOTAL  NUTRIENTS  CONSUMED  PER  DAY  PER  100  POUNDS  LIVE  WEIGHT 
(Results  expressed  in  pounds) 


Period 

Pig 

Dry  sub- 
stance 

Crude 
protein 

(Nx6.25) 

Total 
carbohy- 
drates 

Crude 
fat 

Ash 

Phos- 
phorus 

7 

A 

1.011 

0.239 

0.662 

0.074 

0.035 

0.0058 

t> 

B 

1.119 

0.290 

0.691 

0.099 

0.040 

0.0065 

8 

A 

0.651 

0.145 

0.440 

0.044 

0.022 

0.0038 

» 

B 

0.941 

0.236 

0.595 

0.078 

0.033 

0.0055 

9 

A 

0.596 

0.140 

0.404 

0.040 

0.019 

0.0035 

» 

B 

0.793 

0.191 

0.513 

0.064 

0.027 

0.0045 

10 

A 

0.573 

0.118 

0.401 

0.037 

0.017 

0.0032 

}> 

B 

0.596 

0.132 

0.402 

0.044 

0.018 

0.0033 

As  would  be  expected,  Pig  B,  whose  ration  was  reduced  from  full 
feed  to  maintenance  during  four  periods,  consumed  more  of  each  nu- 
trient than  Pig  A,  in  whose  case  the  same  reduction  was  effected  in 
the  first  two  periods  alone. 

In  Table  17  are  given  the  coefficients  of  digestibility  for  Periods 
7  to  10. 

The  experimental  data  suggest  that  there  was  an  increase  in  the 
coefficients  of  digestibility  of  the  dry  substance,  the  crude  protein,  and 
the  total  carbohydrates  of  the  mixed  ration  for  the  two  pigs  from 
Period  7  to  Period  8.  During  this  time  there  was  a  reduction  in  the 
dry  matter  consumed  from  1.011  to  0.651  pounds  per  day  per  100 
pounds  live  weight  for  Pig  A,  and  from  1.119  to  0.941  pounds  for 
Pig  B.  However,  it  is  not  apparent  that  during  the  remaining  periods 
there  were  any  significant  changes  in  the  coefficients  of  digestibility 
of  any  of  the  nutrients  of  the  ration  due  to  reductions  in  the  food 
intake. 

The  average  coefficients  of  digestibility  of  the  nutrients  of  the 
ration  consisting  of  ground  corn,  red  dog  flour,  tankage,  and  pork 
cracklings  for  Pig  A  for  the  two  periods  during  the  reduction  from  a 
full-feed  ration  to  a  maintenance  ration  and  during  two  periods  of  a 
maintenance  ration  were  as  follows :  dry  substance,  83.6 ;  crude  pro- 
tein, 76.2 ;  total  carbohydrates,  88.5 ;  and  crude  fat,  88.1. 

The  average  coefficients  of  the  constituents  of  the  same  ration 
for  Pig  B  for  the  four  periods  during  the  reduction  to  a  mainte- 
nance ration  were :  dry  substance,  83.3 ;  crude  protein,  74.6 ;  total 
carbohydrates,  88.2 ;  and  crude  fat,  88.6. 


180 


BULLETIN  No.  170 


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1914] 


DIGESTIBILITY  OP  SOME  COMMON  RATIONS  FOR  SWINE 


181 


PERIODS  11  TO  15. — MAINTENANCE  FEEDING  FOR  BOTH  PIGS,  BEFORE 
AND  AFTER  A  PERIOD  OF  FASTING 

After  the  close  of  Period  10  both  pigs  were  kept  upon  a  main- 
tenance ration  of  ground  corn,  red  dog  flour,  tankage,  and  pork 
cracklings,  to  which  Pig  A  had  been  reduced  during  Periods  7  and  8, 
and  Pig  B,  during  Periods  7,  8,  9,  and  10.  Periods  11  and  12  were 
three  and  four  days  in  length,  respectively,  and  were  separated  by  a 
period  of  four  days  during  which  the  pigs  received  the  same  ration 
as  in  Periods  11  and  12,  but  no  analyses  were  made.  Period  13  was 
an  eight-day  period  of  fasting.  In  Periods  14  and  15,  periods  of 
five  days  each,  both  pigs  again  received  the  maintenance  ration  given 
in  Periods  11  and  12. 

Table  18  gives  the  percentage  composition  of  the  feeds ;  Table  19, 
the  weights  of  the  pigs,  the  feeds,  and  the  feces  for  Periods  11,  12,  14, 
and  15 ;  and  Table  20,  the  percentage  composition  of  the  feces. 

TABLE  18. — PERCENTAGE  COMPOSITION  OP  FEEDS 
(A.  D.  Emmett  and  H.  S.  Grindley,  Analysts) 


Feed 

Period 

Dry  sub- 
stance 

Crude 
protein 

(Nx6.25) 

Total 
carbohy- 
drates 

Crude 
fat 

Ash 

Nitrogen 

Phos- 
pho- 
rus 

Ground   corn  

11-12 

86.68 

8.69 

73.76 

2.76 

1.46 

1.390 

0.265 

»        }  > 

14-15 

86.48 

8.68 

73.69 

2.76 

1.36 

1.389 

0.259 

Red  dog  flour.  . 

11-12 

88.02 

17.82 

65.11 

1.55 

3.53 

2.853 

0.801 

»     t)      j> 

14-15 

88.18 

17.86 

65.23 

1.55 

3.54 

2.858 

0.802 

Tankage    

11-12 

91.49 

58.00 

9.98 

14.01 

9.48 

9.280 

1  253 

» 

14-15 

90.81 

57.57 

9.91 

13.91 

9.42 

9.211 

1.244 

Pork  cracklings. 

11-12 

95.22 

54.23 

2.00 

36.96 

2.01 

8.678 

0.266 

>  >            » 

14-15 

96.14 

54.76 

2.02 

37.32 

2.03 

8.763 

0.269 

TABLE  19. — WEIGHTS  OF  PIGS,  FEEDS,  AND  FECES 
(Results  expressed  in  pounds) 


Feeds  eaten 

Date 
1908 

Period 

Days 

Pig 

Live 
weight 

Ground 
corn 

Red 
dog 
flour 

Tank- 
age 

Pork 
crack- 
lings 

Water 

Feces 

Mar.  25-27.. 

11 

3 

A 

431 

3.6 

1.8 

0.6 

0.6 

30 

2.81 

»          » 

>  > 

j  > 

B 

336 

2.7 

1.2 

0.6 

0.6 

27 

1.55 

April  36... 

12 

4 

A 

427 

4.0 

2.4 

0.8 

0.8 

40 

2.67 

»       }  > 

>  > 

)  > 

B 

332 

3.2 

1.2 

0.8 

0.8 

36 

1.93 

April  7-14.. 

13 

8 

A 

418 

19 

0.76 

>>         » 

j  j 

» 

B 

323 

... 

... 

... 

30 

0.39 

April   15-19. 

14 

5 

A 

415 

4.0 

3.0 

1.0 

1.0 

50 

1.01 

i  }      }  > 

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3 

B 

320 

2.4 

0.6 

0.6 

0.6 

27 

1.27 

April  20-25. 

15 

5 

A 

416 

4.0 

3.0 

1.0 

1.0 

50 

4.14 

'*       " 

>  > 

7  > 

B 

319 

4.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

45 

1.82 

1.82 


BULLETIN  No.  170 


[May, 


From  the  data  given  in  Table  19,  it  will  be  seen  that  during  the 
two  periods  preceding  the  fast  each  of  the  pigs  lost  four  pounds, 
while  during  the  two  periods  following  the  fast  Pig  A  gained  one 
pound,  and  Pig  B  lost  one  pound. 

In  Table  21  will  be  found  the  weights  of  the  total  nutrients  con- 
sumed per  day  per  100  pounds  live  weight. 

TABLE  20. — PERCENTAGE  COMPOSITION  OF  FRESH  FECES 
(A.  D.  Emmett  and  H.  S.  Grindley,  Analysts) 


Period 

Pig 

Dry  sub- 
stance 

Crude 
protein 

(Nx6.25) 

Total 
carbohy- 
drates 

Crude 
fat 

Ash 

Nitrogen 

Phos- 
phorus 

11 

>  > 

A 
B 

36.17 
43.78 

10.89 
13.63 

17.04 

20.89 

2.41 
2.29 

5.83 
6.97 

1.743 
2.181 

0.87 
1.05 

12 
» 

13 

A 
B 

A 

36.48 
41.61 

11.29 
14.80 

16.79 
18.51 

1.96 
1.73 

6.44 
6.57 

1.807 
2.367 

0.97 
0.97 

» 

B 

14 

» 

A 
B 

42.63 
47.16 

10.92 
14.98 

19.15 
20.92 

2.69 

2.77 

9.87 
8.49 

1.748 
2.396 

1.41 
1.23 

15 

» 

A 
B 

36.71 
43.60 

10.47 
15.11 

17.04 
20.89 

1.56 
1.41 

7.64 
6.19 

1.676 
2.418 

1.02 
0.87 

TABLE  21. — TOTAL  NUTRIENTS  CONSUMED  PER  DAY  PER  100  POUNDS  LIVE  WEIGHT 
(Results  expressed  in  pounds) 


Period 

Pig 

Dry  sub- 
stance 

Crude 
protein 

(Nx6.25) 

Total 
carbohy- 
drates 

Crude 
fat 

Ash 

Phos- 
phorus 

11 

» 

A 
B 

0.450 
0.448 

0.101 
0.111 

0.302 
0.282 

0.034 
0.040 

0.014 
0.015 

0.0026 
0.0026 

12 

» 

13 

A 
B 

A 

0.414 
0.401 

0.098 
0.105 

0.270 
0.244 

0.033 
0.039 

0.014 
0.014 

0.0025 
0.0023 

» 

B 

14 

>  > 

A 
B 

0.384 
0.388 

0.097 
0.103 

0.242 
0.232 

0.032 
0.040 

0.013 
0.013 

0.0024 
0.0021 

15 

» 

A 
B 

0.383 
0.389 

0.096 
0.103 

0.241 
0.233 

0.032 
0.040 

0.013 
0.013 

0.0024 
0.0021 

Both  pigs  being  on  nearly  the  same  maintenance  ration  during 
these  periods,  they  consumed,  as  would  be  expected,  practically  the 
same  amounts  of  nutrients.  The  percentages  of  the  nutrients  digested 
are  given  in  Table  22. 


1014] 


DIGESTIBILITY  OP  SOME  COMMON  RATIONS  FOR  SWINE 


183 


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184 


BULLETIN  No.  170 


\May, 


Ground  Corn,  Red  Dog  Flour,  Tankage,  and  Pork  Cracklings. — 
It  is  not  apparent  from  the  experimental  data  that  there  was  any 
significant  difference  in  the  coefficients  of  digestibility  of  the  nutrients 
of  the  ration  consisting  of  ground  corn,  red  dog  flour,  tankage,  and 
pork  cracklings  before  and  after  a  period  of  fasting.  The  unusually 
high  coefficients  of  digestibility  of  all  the  nutrients  for  Pig  A  for 
Period  14  were  due  to  the  fact  that  the  weight  of  the  feces  was  un- 
usually low  and  their  content  of  the  nutrients  relatively  small. 

The  average  coefficients  of  the  nutrients  of  the  ration  consisting 
of  ground  corn,  red  dog  flour,  tankage,  and  pork  cracklings  for  the 
eight  trials  upon  maintenance  feeding  for  both  pigs,  before  and  after 
a  period  of  fasting  (See  Table  22) ,  and  the  corresponding  data  for  the 
same  ration  for  the  eight  trials  during  a  transitional  period  from  full 
feed  to  maintenance  for  both  pigs,  and*  two  periods  of  maintenance 
for  Pig  A  (See  Table  17),  suggest  that  this  ration  was  considerably 
more  digestible  in  the  first  eight  trials  than  in  the  second  eight  trials. 
However,  a  study  of  the  individual  data  leads  to  the  conclusion  that 
the  variations  of  the  coefficients  within  each  set  of  eight  trials  were  so 
great  that  the  difference  between  the  average  values  was  not  signifi- 
cant. 

PERIODS  16  TO  23. — FULL  FEED  FOR  PIG  A  AND  TWO-THIRDS  OF  FULL 

FEED  FOR  PIG  B 

Period  15,  a  period  of  maintenance  feeding  for  both  pigs,  was 
followed  by  8  five-day  periods  during  which  Pig  A  received  a  full- 
feed  ration,  and  Pig  B,  approximately  two-thirds  of  a  full-feed  ration, 
consisting  of  ground  corn  and  pork  cracklings. 

Table  23  gives  the  percentage  composition  of  the. feeds,  and  Table 
24,  the  weights  of  the  pigs,  the  feeds,  and  the  feces.  In  Table  25  will 
be  found  the  percentage  composition  of  the  fresh  feces. 


TABLE  23. — PERCENTAGE  COMPOSITION  OF  FEEDS 
(A.  D.  Emmett  and  H.  S.  Grindley,  Analysts) 


Feed 

Dry  sub- 
stance 

Crude 
protein 
(  NX  6.25) 

Total 
carbohy- 
drates 

Crude 
fat 

Ash 

Nitrogen 

Phos- 
phorus 

Ground  corn  .  .  . 
Pork  cracklings. 

85.78 
94.59 

8.33 

53.88 

73.24 

2.88 
36.72 

1.32 
1.99 

1.332 

8.622 

0.251 
0.265 

1914] 


DIGESTIBILITY  OP  SOME  COMMON  EATIONS  FOR  SWINE 


185 


TABLE  24. — WEIGHTS  OF  PIGS,  FEEDS,  AND  FECES 
(Eesults  expressed  in  pounds) 


Date 
1908 

Period 

Days 

Pig 

Live 
weight 

Feed  eaten 

Feces 

Ground 
corn 

Pork 
crack- 
lings 

Water 

April  25-29   

16 

j  > 

17 

» 

IS 
)  > 

19 
>  > 

20 
» 

21 

>  ) 

22 
» 

23 
•>•> 

5 
5 

5 
5 

5 
5 

5 
5 

5 
5 

5 
5 

5 
5 

5 
5 

A 

B 

A 
B 

A 

B 

A 
B 

A 
B 

A 
B 

A 
B 

A 
B 

428 
328 

42S 
328 

437 
331 

4-i8 
334 

452 
342 

457 

345 

461 

348 

471 
350 

23.5 
14.7 

24.5 
12.5 

31.5 
15.5 

30.6 
15.2 

'26.0 
13.0 

25.0 
12.5 

25.0 
12.5 

25.0 
12.5 

2.4 
1.6 

2.4 
1.4 

3.0 
1.5 

3.0 
1.5 

2.6 
1.3 

2.5 
1.3 

2.5 
1.5 

2.5 
1.5 

42 
47 

50 
45 

50 
45 

51 
46 

52 

47 

52 
47 

52 

47 

52 

47 

6.08 
3.59 

7.91 
4.75 

10.62 
4.21 

10.48 
4.15 

6.89 
2.84 

8.32 
4.29 

6.44 
3.84 

6.79 

2.87 

»         )) 

April  30-May  4  

»      >  >     »    >  > 

May  5-9   

»      )> 

May  10-14    

»         )* 

May  15-19  

}>        >t 

May  20-24          

>  >         » 

May  25-29  

»         »» 

May  30-  June  3  

>}     »     a     » 

TABLE  25.  —  PERCENTAGE  COMPOSITION  OF  FRESH  FECES 
(A.  D.  Emmett  and  H.  S.  Grindley,  Analysts) 

Period 

Pig 

Dry  sub- 
stance 

Crude 
protein 

(Nx6.25) 

Total 
carbohy- 
drates 

Crude 
fat 

Ash 

Nitrogen 

Phos- 
phorus 

16 

A 

37.31 

9.30 

20.50 

2.06 

5.45 

1.489 

0.78 

» 

B 

42.76 

12.44 

22.86 

2.14 

5.32 

1.991 

0.77 

17 

A 

32.93 

5.94 

20.83 

2.89 

3.27 

0.950 

0.45 

>  > 

B 

36.97 

7.61 

23.43 

2.76 

3.17 

1.219 

0.48 

18 

A 

31.88 

6.82 

18.30 

3.39 

3.37 

1.092 

0.58 

» 

B 

37.78 

8.54 

21.94 

3.36 

3.94 

1.367 

0.60 

19 

A 

31.07 

7.16 

17.42 

2.86 

3.63 

1.146 

0.59 

» 

B 

35.91 

9.04 

20.08 

2.43 

4.36 

1.443 

0.70 

20 

A 

30.32 

6.69 

17.76 

2.44 

3.43 

1.070 

0.57 

» 

B 

38.73 

8.63 

23.62 

2.16 

4.32 

1.380 

0.69 

21 

A 

29.83 

6.10 

18.56 

1.88 

3.29 

0.975 

0.56 

» 

B 

37.00 

7.77 

23.26 

2.04 

3.93 

1.243 

0.61 

22 

A 

31.52 

5.81 

20.66 

1.36 

3.69 

0.930 

0.61 

» 

B 

37.54 

7.19 

34.53 

1.90 

3.92 

1.151 

0.65 

23 

A 

32.37 

5.53 

21.24 

1.75 

3.85 

0.885 

0.66 

" 

B 

38.55 

6.85 

25.46 

2.08 

4.15 

1.108 

0.69 

136 


BULLETIN  No.  170 


[May, 


From  the  data  given  in  Table  24,  it  will  be  seen  that  Pig  A,  on 
full  feed,  gained  43  pounds  from  Period  16  to  the  end  of  the  experi- 
ment, and  Pig  B,  on  two-thirds  of  a  full-feed  ration,  gained  only  22 
pounds.  Table  26  shows  the  nutrients  consumed  by  the  two  pigs 
during  the  last  eight  periods  of  the  experiment. 


TABLE  26. — TOTAL  NUTRIENTS  CONSUMED  PER  DAY  PER  100  POUNDS  LIVE  WEIGHT 
(Kesults  expressed  in  pounds) 


Period 

Pig 

Dry  sub- 
stance 

Crude 
protein 

(Nx6.25) 

Total 
carbohy- 
drates 

Crude 
fat 

Ash 

Phos- 
phorus 

16 

» 

A 
B 

1.048 
0.861 

0.152 
0.127 

0.806 
0.658 

0.073 
0.062 

0.017 
0.014 

0.0031 
0.0025 

17 
» 

A 
B 

1.088 
0.735 

0.15G 
0.109 

0.841 
0.560 

0.074 
0.053 

0.017 
0.012 

0.0032 
0.0021 

18 
» 

A 
B 

1.366 
0.889 

0.194 
0.127 

1.059 
0.688 

0.092 
0.060 

0.022 
0.014 

0.0040 
0.0026 

19 
» 

A 
B 

1.298 
0.866 

0.186 
0.124 

1.003 
0.668 

0.088 
0.059 

0.021 
0.014 

0.0038 
0.0025 

20 
» 

A 
B 

1.096 
0.724 

0.158 
0.104 

0.845 
0.558 

0.075 
0.050 

0.017 
0.012 

0.0032 
0.0021 

21 
» 

A 
B 

1.042 
0.693 

0.150 
0.101 

0.804 
0.532 

0.072 
0.049 

0.017 
0.011 

0.0030 
0.0020 

22 
» 

A 
B 

1.033 
0.698 

0.149 
0.106 

0.796 
0.528 

0.071 
0.052 

0.016 
0.011 

0.0030 
0.0020 

23 

>  > 

A 
B 

1.011 
0.694 

0.146 
0.106 

0.780 
0.525 

0.070 
0.052 

0.016 
0.011 

0.0030 
0.0020 

Table  27  gives  the  coefficients  of  digestibility  as  determined  di- 
rectly for  the  ration  used  during  the  last  eight  periods.  In  Table  28 
will  be  found  the  coefficients  of  digestibility  for  the  pork  cracklings 
as  determined  indirectly. 


1914] 


DIGESTIBILITY  OF  SOME  COMMON  RATIONS  FOB  SWINE 


187 


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188 


BULLETIN  No.  170 


[May, 


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1914]  DIGESTIBILITY  OF  SOME  COMMON  RATIONS  FOR  SWINE  189 

Ground  Corn  and  Pork  Cracklings. — From  the  experimental  data 
given  in  Table  27  it  is  not  apparent  that  there  were  any  significant 
differences  in  the  coefficients  of  digestibility  of  the  nutrients  for  the 
two  pigs,  altho  Pig  A  received  a  full-feed  allowance  and  Pig  B  re- 
ceived approximately  only  two-thirds  of  a  full-feed  ration. 

It  is  clearly  evident  that  the  ration  consisting  of  approximately 
ten  parts  of  ground  corn  and  one  part  of  pork  cracklings  was  de- 
cidedly more  digestible  than  the  ration  of  ground  corn  alone. 

The  coefficients  of  digestibility  of  the  protein  of  the  ration  of 
ground  corn  and  pork  cracklings  tended  to  increase  from  Periods  16 
to  23;  in  other  words,  as  the  length  of  the  time  of  feeding  the  same 
ration  was  increased  the  coefficients  of  digestibility  of  the  ration  were 
also  increased. 

Pork  Cracklings. — In  Table  28  are  given  the  coefficients  of  di- 
gestibility for  the  nutrients  of  pork  cracklings  as  calculated  from  the 
data  of  Periods  16  to  23.  When  the  pork  cracklings  were  fed  with 
ground  corn  the  average  coefficients  thus  obtained  for  the  sixteen 
trials  were  as  follows :  dry  substance,  104.2 ;  crude  protein,  91.8 ;  and 
crude  fat,  103.4.  When  the  pork  cracklings  were  fed  with  ground 
corn  and  red  dog  flour,  the  average  coefficients  for  pork  cracklings 
as  determined  indirectly  were  as  follows :  dry  substance,  138.2 ;  crude 
protein,  96.3 ;  and  crude  fat,  92.2.  When  the  pork  cracklings  were 
fed  with  ground  corn  and  tankage,  the  average  coefficients  of  their 
nutrients,  as  determined  indirectly  were :  dry  substance,  111.2 ;  crude 
protein,  111.4;  and  crude  fat,  113.5.  Such  variable  results  demon- 
strate clearly  the  inaccuracy  of  coefficients  of  digestibility  determined 
indirectly. 

The  results  obtained  by  difference  for  the  pork  cracklings  were  so 
irregular  and  so  variable  that  a  detailed  study  of  them  is  not  worth 
while,  but  it  is  evident  that  the  digestibility  of  the  nutrients  of  the 
corn  was  decidedly  increased  by  the  addition  of  the  pork  cracklings 
to  the  ration. 


190  BULLETIN  No.  170  [May, 


SUMMARY 

A  summary  of  the  coefficients  of  digestibility  for  the  rations  of 
the  two  experiments  is  given  in  Table  1  of  the  Appendix,  and  a  sum- 
mary of  the  coefficients  for  the  single  feeds,  in  Table  2.  Figure  1  of 
the  Appendix  shows  the  curves  for  the  coefficients  for  the  rations. 

1.  Ground  Corn, — The  average  of  four  tests  in  which  a  ration 
consisting  of  ground  corn  alone  was  fed  to  pigs  at  the  rate  of  1.83 
pounds  per  day  per  100  pounds  live  weight  gave  the  following  co- 
efficients of  digestibility :    dry  substance,  87.7 ;    crude  protein,  79.3 ; 
total  carbohydrates,  90.9 ;   and  crude  fat,  71.3.    In  two  of  these  tests 
the  average  coefficients  of  the  nitrogen-free  extract  and  the  crude 
fiber  of  ground  corn  were  93.6  and  31.8,  respectively. 

2.  Ground  Corn  and  Middlings. — The  average  of  two  tests  in 
which  a  ration  consisting  of  one  part  of  ground  corn  and  one  part  of 
middlings  was  fed  to  pigs  at  the  rate  of  1.95  pounds  per  day  per  100 
pounds  live  weight  giving  the  following  coefficients:    dry  substance, 
88.6 ;    crude  protein,  87.5 ;    nitrogen-free  extract,  92.9 ;    crude  fiber, 
54.9 ;   total  carbohydrates,  90.7 ;   and  crude  fat,  82.5. 

3.  Ground  Corn  and  Red  Dog  Flour. — The  average  of  two  tests 
in  which  a  ration  consisting  of  two  parts  of  ground  corn  and  one  part 
of  red  dog  flour  was  fed  to  pigs  at  the  rate  of  1.83  pounds  per  day 
per  100  pounds  live  weight,  gave  the  following  coefficients :  dry  sub- 
stance, 87.0;    crude  protein,  83.6;    total  carbohydrates,  90.2;    crude 
fat,  55.0. 

4.  Ground  Corn  and  Tankage. — The  average  of  six  tests  in  which 
rations  consisting  of  one  part  of  tankage  to  four,  five,  or  six  parts 
of  ground  corn  were  fed  to  pigs  at  the  rate  of  1.48  pounds  per  day 
per  100  pounds  live  weight  gave  the  following  coefficients:    dry  sub- 
stance, 83.2  ;  crude  protein,  68.7 ;  total  carbohydrates,  90.2  ;  and  crude 
fat,  76.4.    In  two  of  these  tests  the  average  coefficients  of  the  nitrogen- 
free  extract  and  the  crude  fiber  of  these  rations  were  92.4  and  19.0, 
respectively. 

5.  Ground  Corn  and  Pork  Cracklings. — The  average  of  sixteen 
tests  in  which  a  ration  consisting  of  one  part  of  pork  cracklings  to 
approximately  eight  to  ten  parts  of  ground  corn  was  fed  to  pigs  at 
the  rate  of  1.09  pounds  per  day  per  100  pounds  live  weight  gave  the 
following  coefficients :  dry  substance,  89.4 ;   crude  protein,  84.6 ;  total 
carbohydrates,  91.3 ;   and  crude  fat,  89.6. 

The  average  of  eight  tests  in  which  a  ration  consisting  of  one  part 
of  pork  cracklings  to  ten  parts  of  ground  corn  Avas  fed  to  a  pig  aver- 
aging 448  pounds  in  weight  at  the  rate  of  1.3  pounds  per  day  per  100 
pounds  live  weight  gave  the  following  coefficients :  dry  substance,  90.0 ; 
crude  protein,  85.5;  total  carbohydrates,  92.1;  crude  fat,  89.1. 


DIGESTIBILITY  OF  SOME  COMMON  RATIONS  FOR  SWINE  191 

The  average  of  eight  tests  in  which  a  ration  consisting  of  one 
part  of  pork  cracklings  to  approximately  eight  to  ten  parts  of  ground 
corn  was  fed  to  a  pig  averaging  338  pounds  in  weight,  at  the  rate  of 
0.9  pound  per  day  per  100  pounds  live  weight  gave  the  following  co- 
efficients :  dry  substance,  88.9 ;  crude  protein,  84.3 ;  total  carbohy- 
drates, 90.5  ;  and  crude  fat,  90.1. 

6.  Ground  Corn,  Tankage,  and  Pork  Cracklings. — The  average 
of  two  tests  in  which  rations  consisting  of  ground  corn,  tankage,  and 
pork  cracklings  in  the  ratio  of  12 :3  :1  and  9 :2.25  :1  were  fed  to  pigs 
at  the  rate  of  1.55  pounds  per  day  per  100  pounds  live  weight,  gave 
the  following  coefficients :    dry  substance,  83.4 ;    crude  protein.  72.7 ; 
total  carbohydrates,  89.5 ;  and  crude  fat,  85.3. 

7.  Ground  Corn,  Red  Dog  Flour,  and  Pork  Cracklings. — The 
average  of  two  tests  in  which  a  ration  consisting  of  twenty  parts  of 
ground  corn,  ten  parts  of  red  dog  flour,  and  one  part  of  pork  crack- 
lings was  fed  to  pigs  at  the  rate  of  1.77  pounds  per  day  per  100 
pounds  live  weight,  gave  the  following  coefficients:    dry  substance, 
89.0 ;   crude  protein,  85.6 ;   total  carbohydrates,  92.7 ;    and  crude  fat, 
68.9. 

8.  Ground  Corn,  Red  Dog  Flour,  Tankage,  and  Pork  Crack- 
lings.— The  average  of  sixteen  tests  in  which  rations  consisting  of 
ground  corn,  red  dog  flour,  tankage,  and  pork  cracklings  in  ratios 
varying  from  4 :1 :1 :1  to  10 :4 :2.6 :1  were  fed  to  pigs  at  the  rate  of 
0.67  pound  per  day  per  100  pounds  live  weight,  gave  the  following 
coefficients :    dry  substance,  84.6 ;    crude  protein,  78.7 ;    total  carbo- 
hydrates, 89.0 ;   and  crude  fat,  90.0. 

9.  Middlings. — The  average  of  two  tests  in  which  a  ration  con- 
sisting of  one  part  of  ground  corn  and  one  part  of  middlings  was 
fed  to  pigs  at  the  rate  of  1.95  pounds  per  day  per  100  pounds  live 
weight  gave  the  following  coefficients  for  middlings  as  determined  by 
difference :    dry  substance,  88.4 ;    crude  protein,  91.3 ;    nitrogen-free 
extract,  91.8;   crude  fiber,  62.9;   total  carbohydrates,  89.1;   and  crude 
fat,  93.3. 

10.  Red  Dog  Flour. — The  average  of  two  tests  in  which  a  ra- 
tion of  two  parts  of  ground  corn  and  one  part  of  red  dog  flour  was 
fed  to  pigs  at  the  rate  of  1.83  pounds  per  day  per  100  pounds  live 
weight  gave  the  following  coefficients  for  red  dog  flour  as  determined 
by  difference :    dry  substance,  87.4 ;    crude  protein,  88.9 ;    total  car- 
bohydrates, 91.2 ;   and  crude  fat,  -36.3. 

11.  Tankage. — The  average  of  six  tests  in  which  rations  con- 
sisting of  one  part  of  tankage  to  four,  five,  and  six  parts  of  ground 
corn  were  fed  to  pigs  at  the  rate  of  1.48  pounds  per  day  per  100 
pounds  live  weight  gave  the  following  coefficients  for  tankage  as  de- 
termined by  difference:    dry  substance,   64.8;    crude  protein,   60.0; 
total  carbohydrates,  76.7;   and  crude  fat,  81.0. 


192  BULLETIN  No.  170  [May, 

12.  Pork  Cracklings. — The  average  of  sixteen  tests  in  which  ra- 
tions consisting  of  one  part  of  pork  cracklings  to  approximately  eight 
to  ten  parts  of  ground  corn  were  fed  to  pigs  at  the  rate  of  1.09  pounds 
per  days  per  100  pounds  live  weight  gave  the  following  coefficients 
for  the  pork  cracklings  as  determined  by  difference:    dry  substance, 
104.3;   crude  protein,  91.8;   and  crude  fat,  103.5. 

The  average  of  eight  tests  in  which  a  ration  consisting  of  one 
part  of  pork  cracklings  to  ten  parts  of  ground  corn  was  fed  to  a  pig 
averaging  448  pounds  in  weight,  at  the  rate  of  1.3  pounds  per  day 
per  100  pounds  live  weight,  gave  the  following  coefficients  for  the 
pork  cracklings  as  determined  by  difference :  dry  substance,  110.3 ; 
crude  protein,  95.1 ;  and  crude  fat,  103.1. 

The  average  of  eight  tests  in  which  a  ration  consisting  of  one 
part  of  pork  cracklings  to  approximately  eight  to  ten  parts  of  ground 
corn  was  fed  to  a  pig  averaging  338  pounds  in  weight,  at  the  rate  of 
0.9  pound  per  day  per  100  pounds  live  weight  gave  the  following 
coefficients  for  pork  cracklings  as  determined  by  difference :  dry  sub- 
stance, 98.2 ;  crude  protein,  88.5 ;  and  crude  fat,  103.8. 

The  average  of  two  tests  in  which  rations  consisting  of  ground 
corn,  tankage,  and  pork  cracklings  in  the  ratios  of  12 :3  :1  and  9 :2.25 :1 
were  fed  to  pigs  at  the  rate  of  1.77  pounds  per  day  per  100  pounds 
live  weight  gave  the  following  coefficients  for  the  pork  cracklings  as 
determined  by  difference:  dry  substance,  111.2;  crude  protein,  111.4; 
and  crude  fat,  113.5. 

The  average  of  two  tests  in  which  a  ration  consisting  of  twenty 
parts  of  ground  corn,  ten  parts  of  red  dog  flour,  and  one  part  of 
pork  cracklings  was  fed  to  pigs  at  the  rate  of  1.55  pounds  per  day 
per  100  pounds  live  weight,  gave  the  following  coefficients  for  the 
pork  cracklings  as  determined  by  difference :  dry  substance,  138.2 ; 
crude  protein,  96.3;  and  crude  fat,  92.2. 

13.  Dry  Matter. — The   order   of   the   rations   according  to   de- 
creasing coefficients  of  digestibility  of  their  dry  substance  was  as 
follows:    ground  corn  and  pork  cracklings,  89.4;    ground  corn,  red 
dog  flour,  and  pork  cracklings,  89.0 ;  ground  corn  and  middlings,  88.6 ; 
ground  corn,  87.7;    ground  corn  and  red  dog  flour,  87.0;    ground 
corn,  red  dog  flour,  tankage,  and  pork  cracklings,  84.6 ;  ground  corn, 
tankage,  and  pork  cracklings,  83.4;    and  ground  corn  and  tankage, 
83.2. 

14.  Crude   Protein.— The   order   of  the   rations   according   to 
decreasing  coefficients  of  digestibility  of  their  crude  protein  was  as 
follows :  ground  corn  and  middlings,  87.5  ;  ground  corn,  red  dog  flour, 
and  pork  cracklings,  85.6 ;    ground  corn  and  pork  cracklings,  84.6 ; 
ground  corn  and  red  dog  flour,  83.6 ;  ground  corn,  79.3  ;  ground  corn, 
red  dog  flour,  tankage,  and  pork  cracklings,  78.7 ;   ground  corn,  tank- 
age, and  pork  cracklings,  72.7 ;   and  ground  corn  and  tankage,  68  7. 


1914]  DIGESTIBILITY  OP  SOME  COMMON  RATIONS  FOR  SWINE  193 

15.  Crude  Fat. — The  order  of  the  rations  according  to   de- 
creasing coefficients  of  digestibility  of  their  fat  was  as  follows :  ground 
corn,  red  dog  flour,  tankage,  and  pork  cracklings,  90.0 ;   ground  corn 
and  pork  cracklings,  89.6 ;  ground  corn,  tankage,  and  pork  cracklings, 
85.3 ;    ground  corn  and  middlings,  82.5 ;    ground  corn  and  tankage, 
76.4;    ground   corn,   71.3;    ground   corn,   red  dog  flour,   and  pork 
cracklings,  68.9 ;   and  ground  corn  and  red  dog  flour,  55.0. 

16.  Carbohydrates. — The  average  coefficients  of  digestibility  of 
the  carbohydrates  of  all  the  eight  rations  varied  only  slightly,  the 
minimum  value  being  89.0  for  the  ration  consisting  of  ground  corn, 
red  dog  flour,  tankage,  and  pork  cracklings,  and  the  maximum  value 
being  92.5  for  the  ration  consisting  of  ground  corn,  red  dog  flour, 
and  pork  cracklings. 

CONCLUSIONS 

The  following  tentative  conclusions  may  be  drawn  from  the  re- 
sults reported  in  this  bulletin : 

1.  Dry  Substance. — The  coefficients  of  digestibility  of  the  dry 
substance  of  rations  composed  of  ground  corn,  ground  corn  and  mid- 
dlings, and  ground  corn  and  red  dog  flour  are  apparently  about 
equal. 

The  dry  substance  of  rations  consisting,  respectively,  of  ground 
corn  and  tankage;  ground  corn,  tankage,  and  pork  cracklings;  and 
ground  corn,  red  dog  flour,  tankage,  and  pork  cracklings,  is  signifi- 
cantly less  digestible  than  that  of  rations  consisting,  respectively,  of 
ground  corn ;  ground  corn  and  middlings ;  and  ground  corn  and  red 
dog  flour. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  dry  substance  of  rations  consisting  of 
ground  corn  and  pork  cracklings;  and  ground  corn,  red  dog  flour, 
and  pork  cracklings,  is  on  the  average  slightly  more  digestible  than 
that  of  rations  composed,  respectively,  of  ground  corn;  ground  corn 
and  middlings;  and  ground  corn  and  red  dog  flour;  and  decidedly 
more  digestible  than  that  of  rations  consisting,  respectively,  of  ground 
corn  and  tankage;  ground  corn,  tankage,  and  pork  cracklings;  and 
ground  corn,  red  dog  flour,  tankage,  and  pork  cracklings. 

2.  Crude  Protein. — The  coefficients  of  digestibility  of  the  crude 
protein  of  the  two  rations  composed,  respectively,  of  ground  corn  and 
a  combination  of  ground  corn,  red  dog  flour,  tankage,  and  pork  crack- 
lings are  about  equal. 

The  crude  protein  of  rations  consisting,  respectively,  of  ground 
corn  and  tankage,  and  ground  corn,  tankage,  and  pork  cracklings  is 
significantly  less  digestible  than  that  of  rations  composed  of  ground 
corn,  and  ground  corn,  red  dog  flour,  tankage,  and  pork  cracklings. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  crude  protein  of  a  ration  consisting  of 
ground  corn  and  middlings  is  digested  much  more  thoroly  than  that 


194  BULLETIN  No.  170 

of  rations  composed  of  ground  corn  and  ground  corn,  red  dog  flour, 
tankage,  and  pork  cracklings;  and  the  crude  protein  of  rations  com- 
posed of  ground  corn  and  red  dog  flour;  ground  corn  and  pork 
cracklings;  and  ground  corn,  red  dog  flour,  and  pork  cracklings  is 
digested  somewhat  more  thoroly. 

3.  Crude  Fat. — The  individual  coefficients  of  digestibility  of  fat 
for  the  same  ration  often  show  wide  variations.    In  general,  however, 
the  following  conclusions  may  be  drawn: 

The  coefficients  of  digestibility  of  the  crude  fat  of  rations  com- 
posed of  ground  corn;  ground  corn  and  tankage;  and  ground  corn, 
red  dog  flour,  and  pork  cracklings,  are  on  the  average  about  equal. 

The  crude  fat  of  a  ration  consisting  of  ground  corn  and  red 
dog  flour  is  significantly  less  digestible  than  that  of  rations  com- 
posed of  ground  corn;  ground  corn  and  tankage;  and  ground  corn, 
red  dog  flour,  and  pork  cracklings. 

The  crude  fat  of  rations  consisting,  respectively,  of  ground  corn 
and  pork  cracklings,  and  ground  corn,  red  dog  flour,  tankage,  and 
pork  cracklings  is  digested  much  more  thoroly  than  that  of  rations 
composed  of  ground  corn ;  ground  corn  and  tankage ;  and  ground  corn, 
red  dog  flour,  and  pork  cracklings;  while  the  crude  fat  of  rations 
composed  of  ground  corn  and  middlings  and  ground  corn,  tankage, 
and  pork  cracklings  is  digested  somewhat  more  thoroly. 

4.  Carbohydrates. — Apparently  there  are  no  significant  differ- 
ences between  the  average  coefficients  of  digestibility  of  the  carbohy- 
drates of  the  eight  rations  fed  in  these  experiments. 

5.  Coefficients  by  Difference. — The  coefficients  of  digestibility 
obtained  for  a  single  feed  by  calculation  from  the  data  obtained  for 
a  combination  of  feeds  are  not  reliable,  especially  when  the  single 
feed  has  been  fed  in  comparatively  small  quantities.    By  this  method 
of  calculation  all  of  the  difference  between  the  values  for  the  single 
feed  and  the  corresponding  values  for  the  combined  feeds  is  credited 
to  the  single  feed,  whereas  it  is  probable  that  in  the  combined  ration 
each  feed  exerts  an  influence  upon  the  digestibility  of  the  other. 

6.  Influence  of  One  Ration  Upon  Another. — The  results  of  these 
experiments  indicate  that  the  coefficients  of  digestibility  of  one  feed 
or  ration  may  be  increased  or  decreased  by  the  addition  of  another 
feed  or  ration.     For  example,  the  addition  of  pork  cracklings  to  ra- 
tions of  ground  corn  alone,  ground  corn  and  tankage,  and  ground 
corn  and  red  dog  flour,  clearly  increases  the  digestibility  of  the  dry 
substance,  the  crude  protein  and  the  crude  fat  of  the  basal  rations. 
On  the  other  hand,  it  seems  probable  that  the  addition  of  tankage  to 
a  ration  consisting  of  ground  corn  alone  decreases  the  digestibility  of 
the  dry  substance  and  the  crude  protein  in  the  basal  ration. 

1.  Influence  of  Quantity  of  Ration. — There  is  a  significant  de- 
crease in  the  coefficients  of  digestibility  of  the  dry  substance,  the  crude 


1014}  DIGESTIBILITY  OF  SOME  COMMON  RATIONS  FOR  SWINE  196 

protein,  and  the  total  carbohydrates  of  a  ration  consisting  of  ground 
corn,  red  dog  flour,  tankage,  and  pork  cracklings,  when  there  is  a  re- 
duction of  26  percent  in  the  dry  substance  consumed. 

On  the  other  hand,  there  are  no  significant  differences  in  the  coeffi- 
cients of  digestibility  for  the  nutrients  of  a  ration  consisting  approxi- 
mately of  ten  parts  of  ground  corn  and  one  part  of  pork  cracklings 
when  fed  as  a  full-feed  allowance  and  in  amounts  equal  to  two-thirds 
of  a  full-feed  ration. 


Further  digestion  experiments  kave  been  undertaken  to  confirm 
the  preliminary  results  reported  in  this  bulletin. 


The  authors  wish  hereby  to  acknowledge  their  indebtedness  to 
Mr.  A.  D.  Emmett,  Assistant  Chief  in  Animal  Nutrition,  who  did  niost 
of  the  analytical  work  connected  with  the  experiments  here  reported. 
They  wish  to  express  their  appreciation  also  of  the  efficient  editorial 
assistance  rendered  by  Miss  Leonora  Perry  in  connection  with  the 
preparation  of  the  manuscript  of  the  bulletin. 


196 


BULLETIN  No.  170 


[May, 


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201 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS-URBANA 

Q.630.7IL6B  COO1 

BULLETIN.  URBANA 
166-181  1914-15 


• 


3  Oil 2  O1 9528436 


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